TBTK
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See more details about the UnitHandler in the API
Most physical quantities have units, but computers work with unitless numbers. The units can be made implicit by specifying a software wide convention, but no single set of units are the most natural across all of quantum mechanics. Therefore, TBTK provides a UnitHandler that makes it possible to specify the units that are most natural for the given application. All numbers that are passed to TBTK functions are assumed to be given in these units. The UnitHandler also allows for physical constants to be requested in these natural units.
The UnitHandler borrows its terminology from the SI standard. Not by forcing the user to work in SI units, but through a clear division of units into base units and derived units. To understand what this means, consider distance and time. These are independent quantities that can be measured in meters (m) and seconds (s). In comparison, velocity is a derived quantity that is defined as distance per time and have the derived unit m/s.
In principle, nothing prevents us from instead considering time to be a quantity that is derived from distance and velocity. However, the fact remains that only two of these three quantities can be defined independently of each other. It turns out that in nature, only seven quantities can be defined independently of each other. If we, therefore, fix seven such quantities and assigning them base units, all other quantities acquire derived units.
The UnitHandler defines the base quantities to be angle, charge, count (amount), energy. length, temperature, and time. This is different from the SI system, which defines base units for luminocity, current, and mass instead of angle, charge, and energy. The choice to deviate from the SI system by making angle, charge, and energy base quantities is made since these are perceived to be of greater relevance in quantum mechanical calculations.
The UnitHandler also deviates from the SI system by only fixing the base quantities and not the base units. While the SI unit for length is meter (m), the UnitHandler allows the base unit for length to be set to, among other things, meter (m), millimeter (mm), nanometer (nm), and Ångström (Å). Similarly, Joule (J) and electronvolt (eV) are possible base units for energy, while Coulomb (C) and elementary charge (e) are examples of base units for charge.
Quantity | Default base unit | UnitHandler symbol |
---|---|---|
Angle | rad (radians) | Angle |
Charge | C (Coulomb) | Charge |
Count | pcs (pieces) | Count |
Energy | eV (electron Volt) | Energy |
Length | m (meter) | Length |
Temperature | K (Kelvin) | Temperature |
Time | s (seconds) | Time |
Quantity | Available base units |
---|---|
Angle | rad, degree |
Charge | kC, C, mC, uC, nC, pC, fC, aC, Te, Ge, Me, ke, e |
Count | pcs, mol |
Energy | GeV, MeV, keV, eV, meV, ueV, J |
Length | m, mm, um, nm, pm, fm, am, Ao |
Temperature | kK, K, mK, uK, nK |
Time | s, ms, us, ns, ps, fs, as |
Here Gx, Mx, kx, mx, etc. corresponds to giga, mega, kilo, milli, etc, while Ao means Ångström (Å), and pcs means pieces. Additional units can be added on request.
If base units other than the default ones are wanted, this should be specified at start of the application, just after TBTK has been initialized. This avoids ambiguities that otherwise can result from changing base units in the middle of the execution. To set the base units to rad, C, mol, meV, Å, mK, and ps, type
Note that the units in the brackets have to come in the order angle, charge, count, energy, length, temperature, and time.
The UnitHandler extends the base unit concept to natural units by allowing for a numerical prefactor. For example, consider the following specification.
Here the natural energy unit is set to 13.606 eV. This means that any energy value that is passed to a TBTK function is interpreted to be given in terms of 13.606 eV. For example, the numeric value 1.5 is interpreted to mean 1.5*13.606 eV = 20.409 eV. Note the important distinction between base units and natural units: in base units the value is 20.409 eV, but in natural units it is 1.5.
To convert a length between base and natural units, the following functions can be used.
To convert other Quantities, replace Quantity::Length by the relevant Quantity.
It is also possible to convert between an arbitrary (not currently set) unit and the natural and base units. For example, we can convert energy between meV and the currently set base units as follows.
Similarly, it is possible to convert between arbitrary and natural units.
To aid conversion between different units, TBTK also defines units for several derived quantities. Please, do not hesitate to request additional derived units or quantities if needed.
Quantity | Available derived units | UnitHandler symbol |
---|---|---|
Mass | kg, g, mg, ug, ng, pg, fg, ag, u | Mass |
Magnetic field strength | MT, kT, T, mT, uT, nT, GG, MG, kG, G, mG, uG | MagneticField |
Voltage | GV, MV, kV, V, mV, uV, nV | Voltage |
These quantities and units can be used together with the conversion functions explained above. For example, to convert mass in the derived units \(kg\) to and from base units, the follwoing functions can be called.
Similarly, it is possible to convert between derived units and natural units.
The following constants can be requested from the UnitHandler.
Name | Symbol | UnitHandler symbol |
---|---|---|
Planck constant | \(h\) | h |
Reduced Planck constant | \(\hbar\) | Hbar |
Boltzmann constant | \(k_B\) | k_B |
Elementary charge | \(e\) | E |
Speed of light | \(c\) | C |
Avogadros number | \(N_A\) | N_A |
Electron mass | \(m_e\) | M_e |
Proton mass | \(m_p\) | M_p |
Bohr magneton | \(\mu_B\) | Mu_B |
Nuclear magneton | \(\mu_N\) | Mu_N |
Vacuum permeability | \(\mu_0\) | Mu_0 |
Vacuum permittivity | \(\epsilon_0\) | Epsilon_0 |
We can, for example, get the Boltzmann constant in base and natural units as follows.
Please do not hesitate to request the addition of further constants.
To aid with printing values to the output, the UnitHandler provides methods for requesting the string representation of the base unit for a given quantity or constant. The unit string for a quantity can be obtained as follows.
The unit string for a constant can be obtained as follows.
Note: The unit string corresponds to the base units, so any output from TBTK should first be converted from natural units to base units before being printed together with the unit string.